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Turkish languages : ウィキペディア英語版 | Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of at least thirty-five〔Dybo A.V., ''"Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks"'', Moskow, 2007, p. 766, () (''In Russian'')〕 languages, spoken by Turkic peoples from Southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are proposed to be part of the controversial Altaic language family. Turkic languages are spoken as a native language by some 170 million people, and the total number of Turkic speakers, including second-language speakers, is over 200 million.〔Brigitte Moser, Michael Wilhelm Weithmann, Landeskunde Türkei: Geschichte, Gesellschaft und Kultur, Buske Publishing, 2008, p.173〕〔Deutsches Orient-Institut, Orient, Vol. 41, Alfred Röper Publushing, 2000, p.611〕〔http://www.zaman.com.tr/iskander-pala/turkceyi-kac-kisi-konusuyor_480993.html〕 The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish, spoken mainly in Anatolia and the Balkans, the native speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.〔 Characteristic features of Old Turkic, such as vowel harmony, agglutination, and lack of grammatical gender, are almost universal within the Turkic family, with a few exception like Southern Uzbek, etc.〔 There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility among Uyghur, Tatar and Uzbek, and among Kazak and Kyrgyz. There is also a high degree of mutual intelligibility among the various Oghuz languages, which include Anatolian Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz Turkish, and Oghuz-influenced Crimean Tatar. ==Characteristics==
Turkic languages are null-subject languages, have vowel harmony, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes, and lack of grammatical articles, noun classes, and grammatical gender. Subject–object–verb word order is universal within the family.
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